Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as Paul Touvier and Jacques de Bernonville, the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the French Resistance and Maquis. Vichy also enacted racial laws in its territories in North Africa. [34] The chief themes of Vichy Anglophobia were British "selfishness" in using and abandoning France after instigating wars, British "treachery" and British plans to take over French colonies. On 7 September 1944, fleeing the advance of Allied troops into France, while Germany was in flames and the Vichy regime ceased to exist, a thousand French collaborators (including a hundred officials ⦠"[99][100][101][102][103], With regard to economic contribution to the German economy, it is estimated that France provided 42% of the total foreign aid. Le régime de Vichy : un régime autoritaire au service de lâAllemagne Arrestation de résistants par la Milice française, 1943 Manuel Histoire-géographie, Hatier, 2016 II. The republican slogan of “Liberty, equality, fraternity” was replaced by “Work, family, fatherland.” A labour charter was passed, and there was much talk of a Pétainist “national revolution.”. Rapport du commandant de ⦠On 2 January 1942, the Vichy government offered the use of the port and railway, subject to the lifting of the blockade but the British refused and ended the blockade unilaterally in March.[82]. 2 on the following day, Pétain defined his own powers, and abrogated any Third Republic laws that were in conflict with them. [39], France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September. The total thus reported is slightly below 77,500 dead (somewhat less than a quarter of the Jewish population in France in 1940). "Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation". On 8 November 1940, Free French forces under the command of de Gaulle and Pierre Koenig, along with the assistance of the Royal Navy, invaded Vichy-held Gabon. An aviso sent from Nouméa took over Wallis on behalf of the Free French on 27 May 1942, and Futuna on 29 May 1942. "[18], The Vichy government tried to assert its legitimacy by symbolically connecting itself with the Gallo-Roman period of France's history, and celebrated the Gaulish chieftain Vercingetorix as the "founder" of the nation. Analyser un texte [53], The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshal Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new constitution of the French state. [citation needed] The French possessions in Oceania joined the Free French side in 1940, or in one case in 1942. [160] Indeed, Vichy France eschewed the formal name of France ("French Republic") and styled itself the "French State", replacing the Republican motto of Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité (liberty, equality, fraternity) inherited from the 1789 French Revolution, with the motto Travail, Famille, Patrie (work, family, homeland). [98] The Statute on Jews excluded them from the civil administration. Vichy opened its first internment camp in the northern zone on 5 October 1940, in Aincourt, in the Seine-et-Oise department, which it quickly filled with PCF members. [19] It was asserted that just as the defeat of the Gauls in the 52 BC Battle of Alesia had been the moment in French history when a sense of common nationhood was born, the defeat of 1940 would again unify the nation. Along with the 15 March 1944 Charter of the Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR), which gathered all Resistance movements under one unified political body, these reforms were a primary instrument in the establishment of post-war dirigisme, a kind of semi-planned economy which led to France becoming a modern social democracy. Le régime de Vichy, un régime antidémocratique. All Jews and others "undesirables" passed through Drancy before heading to Auschwitz and other camps. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. [127] Collaborationnisme (collaborationism) should be distinguished from collaboration. In North Africa, after the 8 November 1942 putsch by the French resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested, including General Alphonse Juin, chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral François Darlan. [166], Historiographical debates are still, today, passionate, opposing conflictual views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy's collaborationism with Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Le régime de Vichy et les Juifs (1940-1944) Lâinvasion de la Pologne par lâAllemagne en septembre 1939 déclenche la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}46°10′N 3°24′E / 46.167°N 3.400°E / 46.167; 3.400, Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Méthodologie. But six months later the whole basis of Vichy’s position was transformed. On 30 October 1940, Pétain made state collaboration official, declaring on the radio: "I enter today on the path of collaboration. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice. Dâune République à lâautre, les bouleversements édilitaires en France méditerranéenne (1935-1945) [Texte intégral] Paru dans Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 94 | 2017. sous le régime de Vichy est âgé de quatre-vingt-douze ans. Although the French Republic's institutions were officially maintained, the word "Republic" never occurred in any official document of the Vichy government. They finally returned home in the summer of 1945. Thus, even if the tenants or coowners had signed or otherwise agreed to these rules after 1946, any such agreement would be null and void (caduque) under French law, as were the rules. Finally, after Pétain's proclamation of the "French State" and the beginning of the implementation of the "Révolution nationale" (National Revolution), the French administration opened up many concentration camps, to the point that, as historian Maurice Rajsfus writes, "The quick opening of new camps created employment, and the Gendarmerie never ceased to hire during this period. The function of these forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from Allied assault. They used every means available, promising ministerial posts to some while threatening and intimidating others. Evacuated from Paris to the resort town of Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone" (zone libre) in the southern part of Metropolitan France, (including French Algeria) it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its colonies. They were led to Drancy internment camp (run by Nazi Alois Brunner and French constabulary police) and crammed into box cars and shipped by rail to Auschwitz. Stanley Hoffmann in 1974,[127] and after him, other historians such as Robert Paxton and Jean-Pierre Azéma have used the term collaborationnistes to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany. Democratic rule for the European population was restored in French Algeria, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps. The Vichy government enacted strong conservative laws that censored the press, prohibited divorce, and made abortion a capital offense. [33] In Pétain's radio speeches, Britain was always portrayed as the "Other", a nation that was the complete antithesis of everything good in France, the blood-soaked "Perfidious Albion" and the relentless "eternal enemy" of France whose ruthlessness knew no bounds. Evacuated from Paris to the resort town of Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone" (zone libre) in the southern part of Metropolitan France, (including French Algeria) it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its colonies.[3]. Along with many French police officials, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of Drancy internment camp in 1941, which was used largely by French police as the central transit camp for detainees captured in France. [25] Joan's encounter with angelic voices, according to Catholic tradition, were presented as literal history. Thus, by July 1940, Vichy was eagerly negotiating with the German authorities in an attempt to gain a place for France in the Third Reich's "New Order". The unoccupied zone comprised the southeastern two-fifths of the country, from the Swiss frontier near Geneva to a point 12 miles (19 km) east of Tours and thence southwest to the Spanish frontier, 30 miles (48 km) from the Bay of Biscay. Those who had engaged in the black market were also stigmatised as "war profiteers" (profiteurs de guerre), and popularly called "BOF" (Beurre Oeuf Fromage, or Butter Eggs Cheese, because of the products sold at outrageous prices during the Occupation). [citation needed], Until 1962, France possessed four small, non-contiguous but politically united colonies across India, the largest being Pondicherry in Southeast India. Affiche de propagande pour le recrutement de la Police nationale dans le cadre de la Révolution nationale du régime de Vichy, fin 1941 - début 1942. Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book L'Homme, cet inconnu ("Man, This Unknown"). Throughout the rest of the country, civil servants were under the formal authority of French ministers in Vichy. [151], Collaborationist paramilitary and political organisations, such as the Milice and the Service d'ordre légionnaire, were also dissolved. "The Changing Image of Vichy in France", Jacques Sabille. The argument concerning the abrogation of legal procedure is based on the absence and non-voluntary abstention of 176 representatives of the people – the 27 on board the Massilia, and an additional 92 deputies and 57 senators, some of whom were in Vichy, but not present for the vote. It was an independent ally of Nazi Germany until late 1942 when Berlin took full control. The police oversaw the confiscation of telephones and radios from Jewish homes and enforced a curfew on Jews starting in February 1942. [4] The occupation presented certain advantages, such as keeping the French Navy and French colonial empire under French control, and avoiding full occupation of the country by Germany, thus maintaining a degree of French independence and neutrality. [22] Despite his highly negative view of the Third Republic, Pétain argued that la France profonde ("deep France", denoting profoundly French aspects of French culture) still existed, and that the French people needed to return to what Pétain insisted was their true identity. Natzweiler included a gas chamber, which was used to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) with the aim of obtaining a collection of undamaged skeletons for the use of Nazi professor August Hirt. This was 50 times the actual costs of the occupation garrison. Tulard had previously created such a filing system under the Third Republic, registering members of the Communist Party (PCF). Poznanski, Renée. Their idea was not to make of France an antisemitic country. Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.). 18 juin 1940. Fighting continued there through 1944. [112], The French police, headed by Bousquet, arrested 7,000 Jews in the southern zone in August 1942. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts. A gauche, trois chiens enragés- le Franc-Maçon, le Juif et de Gaulle- sont désignés comme les ennemis de Vichy.Le Mal a un visage : le serpent inspiré de la Bible et un nom : le Mensonge ! The most important such action was the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon on 27 November 1942, preventing its capture by the Axis. A Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs (CGQJ, Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives) was created on 29 March 1941. At the hierarchy summit, it knew, from the start, that the deportation of French Jews was unavoidable. The Vichy government was the French fascist government that ⦠[20] To justify the Vichy ideology of the Révolution nationale ("national revolution"), Pétain needed a radical break with the Republic, and during his radio speeches the entire French Third Republic era was always painted in the blackest of colours, a time of la décadence ("decadence") when the French people were alleged to have suffered moral degeneration and decline. The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern counter-revolution. [162] In particular, coercive measures used by Pierre Laval have been denounced by those historians who hold that the vote did not, therefore, have Constitutional legality (See subsection: Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers). The situation stagnated for a long while, due to the remoteness of the islands and because no overseas ship visited the islands for 17 months after January 1941. In total, the parliament was composed of 846 members, 544 Deputies and 302 Senators. The French government also had responsibility for preventing French citizens from escaping into exile. Among artists, singer Tino Rossi was detained in Fresnes prison, where, according to Combat newspaper, prison guards asked him for autographs. [98] Foreigners were rounded-up in "Foreign Workers' Groups" (groupements de travailleurs étrangers) and as with the colonial troops, used by the Germans as manpower. Internationally, France "believed the war to be finished". After Darlan signed an armistice with the Allies and took power in North Africa, Germany violated the 1940 armistice with France and invaded Vichy France on 10 November 1942 (operation code-named Case Anton), triggering the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon. He always said no." But "Hitler never forgot the 1918 defeat. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms; some of them were given the option of doing time in Indochina (1946–54) with the Foreign Legion instead of prison. [citation needed], Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage, by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbour Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands[citation needed], but the situation in Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession: The 1940 invasion prompted the Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Nazis or volunteering to fight alongside them;[153][154] The Walloon population in turn led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse, remained controversial.[155]. According to Jackson, de Gaulle's Free French acknowledged the weakness of its case against Vichy's legality by citing multiple dates (16 June, 23 June and 10 July) for the start of Vichy's illegitimate rule, implying that at least for some period of time, Vichy was not yet illegitimate. The queues lengthened in front of shops. The "municipalities" and the departmental commissions were thus placed under the authority of the administration and of the prefects (nominated by and dependent on the executive power). Henceforth, Vichy had no assets with which to bargain, with the exception of the cult of loyalty to Pétain (which still kept some Frenchmen obedient to the armistice) and the cleverness of Laval. It is difficult to know exactly how many French Jews were arrested, usually for specific or alleged offences, but on 21 January 1943, Helmut Knochen informed Eichmann in Berlin that there were 2,159 French citizens among the 3,811 prisoners at Drancy. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Thus, out of a total of 544 Deputies, only 414 voted; and out of a total of 302 Senators, only 235 voted. [58] Robert Murphy, Roosevelt's representative in North Africa, started preparing for a landing in North Africa in December 1940 (a year before the US entered the war). The official postwar French position was that Vichy was a German puppet state. Ce n'est donc pas une affiche officielle, même si elle transmet l'idéologie de Vichy⦠As the Wehrmacht advanced into Northern France, common prisoners evacuated from prisons were also interned in these camps. Conversely, Vichy France became a collaborationist regime. Le régime de Vichy commença à se dégrader avec le débarquement de Normandie (Juin 1944). Within days, it became clear that French military forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent. As the last premier of the Third Republic, being a reactionary by inclination, he blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany. Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened some Ilags (Internierungslager) for the detention of enemy aliens on French territory; in Alsace, which was under the direct administration of the Reich, they opened the Natzweiler camp, the only concentration camp created by the Nazis on French territory. The next flashpoint between Britain and Vichy France came when a revolt in Iraq was put down by British forces in June 1941. Pierre Laval, vice-président du Conseil et successeur désigné de Pétain, tenta in extremis de ressusciter la IIIe République avec lâintention dâécarter le Général de Gaulle et la Résistance. The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving this role to the Vichy Milice (militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance;[46] so that members of the regular army could defect to the Maquis after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. Although the French won an important naval victory over the Thais, Japan forced the French to accept Japanese mediation of a peace treaty that returned the disputed territory to Thai control. Their policy changed in tune with the fortunes of the war. Vichy authorities were strongly opposed to "modern" social trends and tried through "national regeneration" to restore behaviour more in line with traditional Catholicism. Immediately after the fall of France, the Governor General of French India, Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin, declared that the French colonies in India would continue to fight with the British allies. Other contemporary colloquial terms for the Zone libre were based on abbreviation and wordplay, such as the "zone nono", for the non-occupied Zone.[7]. This is the second Vichy. The government provided a modest allowance, but one in ten became prostitutes to support their families. The Nazis had some intention of annexing a large swath of northeastern France and replacing that region's inhabitants with German settlers, and initially forbade French refugees from returning to this region. En août, les Allemands contraignent Laval et Pétain à gagner Belfort, puis Sigmaringen. A resistance movement, working largely in concert with de Gaulle's movement outside the country, increased in strength over the course of the occupation. Vichy was intensely anti-Communist and generally pro-German; American historian Stanley G. Payne found that it was "distinctly rightist and authoritarian but never fascist". The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and outside supplies. Organizations such as La Cagoule opposed the Third Republic, particularly when the left-wing Popular Front was in power. Such a harsh critique of French society could only generate so much support, and as such Vichy blamed French problems on various "enemies" of France, the chief of which was Britain, the "eternal enemy" that had supposedly conspired via Masonic lodges first to weaken France and then to pressure France into declaring war on Germany in 1939. It became increasingly a tool of German policy and, by January 1944, included extreme collaborators such as the National Socialist Marcel Déat. [118], The first President to accept responsibility for the arrest and deportation of Jews from France was Jacques Chirac, in a 16 July 1995 speech. Article. Portions of the French military fell into Vichy control: General Charles Noguès served as commander-in-chief of Vichy French Forces. They were hostages to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food, and supplies to Germany. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The media were tightly controlled and promoted anti-Semitism, and, after June 1941, anti-Bolshevism. Paris: Edition du, This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 00:00. Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. [51] The crime of "felony of opinion" (délit d'opinion) was re-established, effectively repealing freedom of thought and expression; critics were frequently arrested. All "constitutional acts, legislative or regulatory" taken by the Vichy government, as well as decrees taken to implement them, were declared null and void by the Order of 9 August 1944. [157], In 1993, former Vichy official René Bousquet was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for crimes against humanity; he had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949. Despite heavy pressure, the French government at Vichy never joined the Axis alliance and even remained formally at war with Germany. In August 1940, laws against antisemitism in the media (the Marchandeau Act) were repealed, while decree n°1775 of 5 September 1943 denaturalised a number of French citizens, in particular Jews from Eastern Europe. Initially, Winston Churchill was ambivalent about de Gaulle, and Churchill severed diplomatic ties with Vichy only when it became clear that the Vichy government would not join the Allies. [144], On the other side women of the Resistance, many of whom were associated with combat groups linked to the French Communist Party (PCF), broke the gender barrier by fighting side by side with men. After Liberation, some of its units were merged with the Free French Army to form the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS, Republican Security Companies), France's main anti-riot force. Of the remainder, the officers and NCOs (corporals and sergeants) were kept in camps but were exempt from forced labour. [80] On 23 July, Legentilhomme was ousted by the pro-Vichy naval officer Pierre Nouailhetas and left on 5 August for Aden, to join the Free French. That highlighted Syria as a threat to British interests in the Middle East. The French national motto, Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité (Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood), was replaced by Travail, Famille, Patrie (Work, Family, Homeland); it was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of "travaux forcés à perpetuité" ("forced labor in perpetuity"). Vichy France (July 1940âSeptember 1944), France under the regime of Marshal Philippe Petain, from Franceâs defeat by Nazi Germany to its liberation by the Allies in World War II. Mirroring the Reich Association of Jews, the Union Générale des Israélites de France was founded. In addition to the army, the size of the Gendarmerie was fixed at 60,000 men plus an anti-aircraft force of 10,000 men. While it is certain that the Vichy government and a large number of its high administration collaborated in the implementation of the Holocaust, the exact level of such co-operation is still debated. Joseph Darnand created a "Service d'Ordre Légionnaire" (SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis, of which Pétain fully approved. Write. The government had never before attempted a comprehensive overview. Key Concepts: Terms in this set (12) Appel du général de Gaulle. 1940-1944 : Vichy, capitale du pays, abrite tous les ministères et les services annexes dans ses Hôtels et ses villas. It is another notable case of the French police's willful collaboration with the Nazis. In April 1942 Laval returned to power and contrived to convince the Germans that they could get more active collaboration from him. Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. Mots-clés â régime de Vichy. QCM Le régime de Vichy : - Q1: À quelle date de Gaulle passe-t-il son appel à résister, et depuis quelle ville ? The operation also encompassed the expulsion of an entire neighbourhood (30,000 persons) in the Old Port before its destruction. Less than 3% of the Jews deported by the Vichy government survived. Index. About half of them worked in German agriculture, where food rations were adequate and controls were lenient. "[123][124], Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. Britain feared that the French naval fleet could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining North Atlantic shipping and communications. In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of metropolitan France, French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco, the French protectorate of Tunisia, and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of Alsace-Lorraine was placed under direct German administration. During the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup of July 1942, Laval ordered the deportation of children, against explicit German orders. [19] The Vichy government's "Francisque" insignia featured two symbols from the Gallic period: the baton and the double-headed hatchet (labrys) arranged so as to resemble the fasces, symbol of the Italian Fascists. Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice, as long as public order was maintained. Surviving recruiting posters stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship, reflecting both the general emphasis placed by the Vichy government on rural virtues and outdoor activities, and the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. The Germans occupied northern France directly. [15] The Communist element, strongest in labour unions, turned against Vichy in June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. A Vichy law of 4 October 1940 authorised internments of foreign Jews on the sole basis of a prefectoral order,[92] and the first raids took place in May 1941. Following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and the liberation of France later that year, the Free French Provisional government of the French Republic (GPRF) was installed as the new national government, led by de Gaulle. This argument has been rejected by several historians who are specialists of the subject, among them US historian Robert Paxton, who is widely recognised, and historian of the French police Maurice Rajsfus. Others, particularly the Vice-Premier Philippe Pétain and the Commander-in-Chief, General Maxime Weygand, insisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people. França de Vichy é o nome comum do Estado Francês (État Français), liderado pelo Marechal Philippe Pétain, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.Representa a "zona livre", desocupada na parte sul da França metropolitana e o império colonial francês.. De 1940 a 1942, enquanto o regime de Vichy era o governo nominal de ⦠Critics contend that this itinerary, shared by others (although few had such public roles), demonstrates France's collective amnesia, while others point out that the perception of the war and of the state collaboration has evolved during these years. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. [40] Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the débâcle, debated how to proceed. Le régime de Vichy a lieu de 1940 à 1944. Ostensibly, the French government administered the entire territory.
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